# std/parsexml

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This module implements a simple high performance XML / HTML parser. The only encoding that is supported is UTF-8. The parser has been designed to be somewhat error correcting, so that even most "wild HTML" found on the web can be parsed with it. Note: This parser does not check that each `<tag>` has a corresponding `</tag>`! These checks have do be implemented by the client code for various reasons:

- Old HTML contains tags that have no end tag: `<br>` for example.
- HTML tags are case insensitive, XML tags are case sensitive. Since this library can parse both, only the client knows which comparison is to be used.
- Thus the checks would have been very difficult to implement properly with little benefit, especially since they are simple to implement in the client. The client should use the `errorMsgExpected` proc to generate a nice error message that fits the other error messages this library creates.

# Example 1: Retrieve HTML title

The file `examples/htmltitle.nim` demonstrates how to use the XML parser to accomplish a simple task: To determine the title of an HTML document.

    # Example program to show the parsexml module
    # This program reads an HTML file and writes its title to stdout.
    # Errors and whitespace are ignored.

    import os, streams, parsexml, strutils

    if paramCount() < 1:
      quit("Usage: htmltitle filename[.html]")

    var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
    var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
    if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
    var x: XmlParser
    open(x, s, filename)
    while true:
      x.next()
      case x.kind
      of xmlElementStart:
        if cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
          var title = ""
          x.next()  # skip "<title>"
          while x.kind == xmlCharData:
            title.add(x.charData)
            x.next()
          if x.kind == xmlElementEnd and cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
            echo("Title: " & title)
            quit(0) # Success!
          else:
            echo(x.errorMsgExpected("/title"))

      of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
      else: discard # ignore other events

    x.close()
    quit("Could not determine title!")

# Example 2: Retrieve all HTML links

The file `examples/htmlrefs.nim` demonstrates how to use the XML parser to accomplish another simple task: To determine all the links an HTML document contains.

    # Example program to show the new parsexml module
    # This program reads an HTML file and writes all its used links to stdout.
    # Errors and whitespace are ignored.

    import os, streams, parsexml, strutils

    proc `=?=` (a, b: string): bool =
      # little trick: define our own comparator that ignores case
      return cmpIgnoreCase(a, b) == 0

    if paramCount() < 1:
      quit("Usage: htmlrefs filename[.html]")

    var links = 0 # count the number of links
    var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
    var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
    if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
    var x: XmlParser
    open(x, s, filename)
    next(x) # get first event
    block mainLoop:
      while true:
        case x.kind
        of xmlElementOpen:
          # the <a href = "xyz"> tag we are interested in always has an attribute,
          # thus we search for ``xmlElementOpen`` and not for ``xmlElementStart``
          if x.elementName =?= "a":
            x.next()
            if x.kind == xmlAttribute:
              if x.attrKey =?= "href":
                var link = x.attrValue
                inc(links)
                # skip until we have an ``xmlElementClose`` event
                while true:
                  x.next()
                  case x.kind
                  of xmlEof: break mainLoop
                  of xmlElementClose: break
                  else: discard
                x.next() # skip ``xmlElementClose``
                # now we have the description for the ``a`` element
                var desc = ""
                while x.kind == xmlCharData:
                  desc.add(x.charData)
                  x.next()
                echo(desc & ": " & link)
          else:
            x.next()
        of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
        of xmlError:
          echo(errorMsg(x))
          x.next()
        else: x.next() # skip other events

    echo($links & " link(s) found!")
    x.close()

# Imports

strutils, lexbase, streams, unicode, assertions, syncio, os

# Types

    XmlErrorKind = enum
      errNone,                  ## no error
      errEndOfCDataExpected,    ## ``]]>`` expected
      errNameExpected,          ## name expected
      errSemicolonExpected,     ## ``;`` expected
      errQmGtExpected,          ## ``?>`` expected
      errGtExpected,            ## ``>`` expected
      errEqExpected,            ## ``=`` expected
      errQuoteExpected,         ## ``"`` or ``'`` expected
      errEndOfCommentExpected,  ## ``-->`` expected
      errAttributeValueExpected  ## non-empty attribute value expected

  enumeration that lists all errors that can occur Source Edit

    XmlEventKind = enum
      xmlError,                 ## an error occurred during parsing
      xmlEof,                   ## end of file reached
      xmlCharData,              ## character data
      xmlWhitespace,            ## whitespace has been parsed
      xmlComment,               ## a comment has been parsed
      xmlPI,                    ## processing instruction (``<?name something ?>``)
      xmlElementStart,          ## ``<elem>``
      xmlElementEnd,            ## ``</elem>``
      xmlElementOpen,           ## ``<elem
      xmlAttribute,             ## ``key = "value"`` pair
      xmlElementClose,          ## ``>``
      xmlCData,                 ## ``<![CDATA[`` ... data ... ``]]>``
      xmlEntity,                ## &entity;
      xmlSpecial                 ## ``<! ... data ... >``

  enumeration of all events that may occur when parsing Source Edit

    XmlParseOption = enum
      reportWhitespace,         ## report whitespace
      reportComments,           ## report comments
      allowUnquotedAttribs,     ## allow unquoted attribute values (for HTML)
      allowEmptyAttribs          ## allow empty attributes (without explicit value)

  options for the XML parser Source Edit

    XmlParser = object of BaseLexer

  the parser object. Source Edit

# Procs

    proc close(my: var XmlParser) {.inline, ...raises: [IOError, OSError],
                                    tags: [WriteIOEffect], forbids: [].}

  closes the parser `my` and its associated input stream. Source Edit

    proc errorMsg(my: XmlParser): string {....raises: [ValueError], tags: [],
                                           forbids: [].}

  returns a helpful error message for the event `xmlError` Source Edit

    proc errorMsg(my: XmlParser; msg: string): string {....raises: [ValueError],
        tags: [], forbids: [].}

  returns an error message with text `msg` in the same format as the other error messages Source Edit

    proc errorMsgExpected(my: XmlParser; tag: string): string {.
        ...raises: [ValueError], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  returns an error message "<tag> expected" in the same format as the other error messages Source Edit

    proc getColumn(my: XmlParser): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  get the current column the parser has arrived at. Source Edit

    proc getFilename(my: XmlParser): string {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  get the filename of the file that the parser processes. Source Edit

    proc getLine(my: XmlParser): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  get the current line the parser has arrived at. Source Edit

    proc kind(my: XmlParser): XmlEventKind {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  returns the current event type for the XML parser Source Edit

    proc next(my: var XmlParser) {....raises: [IOError, OSError], tags: [ReadIOEffect],
                                   forbids: [].}

  retrieves the first/next event. This controls the parser. Source Edit

    proc open(my: var XmlParser; input: Stream; filename: string;
              options: set[XmlParseOption] = {}) {....raises: [IOError, OSError],
        tags: [ReadIOEffect], forbids: [].}

  initializes the parser with an input stream. `Filename` is only used for nice error messages. The parser's behaviour can be controlled by the `options` parameter: If `options` contains `reportWhitespace` a whitespace token is reported as an `xmlWhitespace` event. If `options` contains `reportComments` a comment token is reported as an `xmlComment` event. Source Edit

    proc rawData(my: var XmlParser): lent string {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  returns the underlying 'data' string by reference. This is only used for speed hacks. Source Edit

    proc rawData2(my: var XmlParser): lent string {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  returns the underlying second 'data' string by reference. This is only used for speed hacks. Source Edit

# Templates

    template attrKey(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the attribute key for the event `xmlAttribute` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not `xmlAttribute`. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template attrValue(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the attribute value for the event `xmlAttribute` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not `xmlAttribute`. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template charData(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the character data for the events: `xmlCharData`, `xmlWhitespace`, `xmlComment`, `xmlCData`, `xmlSpecial` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not one of those events. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template elementName(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the element name for the events: `xmlElementStart`, `xmlElementEnd`, `xmlElementOpen` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not one of those events. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template entityName(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the entity name for the event: `xmlEntity` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not `xmlEntity`. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template piName(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the processing instruction name for the event `xmlPI` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not `xmlPI`. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit

    template piRest(my: XmlParser): string

  returns the rest of the processing instruction for the event `xmlPI` Raises an assertion in debug mode if `my.kind` is not `xmlPI`. In release mode, this will not trigger an error but the value returned will not be valid. Source Edit